A capacitor is an electrical device that can store energy in the electric field between a pair of closely spaced conductors (called 'plates'). When voltage is applied to the capacitor, electric charges of equal magnitude, but opposite polarity, build up on each plate.
Capacitors are used in electrical circuits as energy-storage devices. They can also be used to differentiate between high-frequency and low-frequency signals and this makes them useful in electronic filters.
Capacitors are occasionally referred to as condensers. This is now considered an old-fashioned term.
Read the below link for thorough explaination complete with pictures
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor
7 types of capacitors
multilayer ceramic, ceramic disc, multilayer polyester film, tubular ceramic, polystyrene (twice: axial and radial), and electrolytic.
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